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1 machine-building complex
Экономика: машиностроительный комплексУниверсальный англо-русский словарь > machine-building complex
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2 machine-building complex
English-russian dctionary of contemporary Economics > machine-building complex
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3 complex
nкомплекс; совокупность
- agro-industrial complex
- exhibition complex
- ferry complex
- foreign economic complex
- hotel complex
- industrial complex
- machine-building complex
- manufacturing complex
- military-industrial complex
- petrochemical complex
- port complex
- projection complex
- shopping complexEnglish-russian dctionary of contemporary Economics > complex
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4 complex
1. adjective1) (complicated) kompliziert2) (composite) komplex2. noun(also Psych.) Komplex, dera [building] complex — ein Gebäudekomplex
* * *1. ['kompleks, ]( American[) kəm'pleks] adjective1) (composed of many parts: a complex piece of machinery.) zusammengesetzt2) (complicated or difficult: a complex problem.) kompliziert2. ['kompleks] noun1) (something made up of many different pieces: The leisure complex will include a swimming-pool, tennis courts, a library etc.) der Komplex2) ((often used loosely) an abnormal mental state caused by experiences in one's past which affect one's behaviour: She has a complex about her weight; inferiority complex.) der Komplex•- academic.ru/14809/complexity">complexity* * *com·plexI. adj[ˈkɒmpleks, AM kɑ:mˈpleks]komplex; (complicated) kompliziert; issue, matter, personality, problem vielschichtig; plot, theory verwickelt, verstrickt\complex carbohydrate/molecule komplexes Kohlenhydrat/Molekül\complex network of roads verästeltes StraßennetzII. n<pl -es>[ˈkɒmpleks, AM ˈkɑ:m-]apartment \complex AM Wohnkomplex mhousing \complex Wohnhausanlage fsports and leisure \complex Sport- und Freizeitzentrum ntshopping \complex Einkaufszentrum nthe's got a \complex about being bald er hat einen Komplex wegen seiner KahlköpfigkeitI've got a real \complex about spiders ich kann Spinnen partout nicht ausstehenguilt/inferiority \complex Schuld-/Minderwertigkeitskomplex mpersecution \complex Verfolgungswahn mweight \complex Komplex m aufgrund von Gewichtsproblemento give sb a \complex ( fam) bei jdm Komplexe verursachen* * *['kɒmpleks]1. adj1) komplex; person, mind, issue, question, problem, poem also vielschichtig; theory, task, system also, machine, pattern differenziert, kompliziert; situation also, paragraph verwickelt, kompliziert2) (GRAM)2. n1) Komplex mhe has a complex about his ears — er hat Komplexe or einen Komplex wegen seiner Ohren
don't get a complex about it — deswegen brauchst du keine Komplexe zu bekommen
* * *A adj [ˈkɒmpleks; US kɑmˈpleks; ˈkɑmˌpleks] (adv complexly)2. komplex, vielschichtig:actor of complex parts Charakterdarsteller m3. MATH komplex:complex fraction komplexer Bruch, Doppelbruch mB s [ˈkɒmpleks; US ˈkɑm-]1. Komplex m, (das) Ganze, Gesamtheit f2. (Gebäude- etc) Komplex m:3. PSYCH Komplex m:have a complex about Komplexe haben wegen4. CHEM Komplexverbindung f* * *1. adjective1) (complicated) kompliziert2) (composite) komplex2. noun(also Psych.) Komplex, dera [building] complex — ein Gebäudekomplex
* * *adj.komplex (Problem) adj.komplex adj.kompliziert adj.vielschichtig adj. n.Komplex -en m. -
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8 Villard de Honnecourt
[br]b. c. 1200 Honnecourt-sur-Escaut, near Cambrai, Franced. mid-13th century (?) France[br]French architect-engineer.[br]Villard was one of the thirteenth-century architect-engineers who were responsible for the design and construction of the great Gothic cathedrals and other churches of the time. Their responsibilities covered all aspects of the work, including (in the spirit of the Roman architect Vitruvius) the invention and construction of mechanical devices. In their time, these men were highly esteemed and richly rewarded, although few of the inscriptions paying tribute to their achievements have survived. Villard stands out among them because a substantial part of his sketchbook has survived, in the form of thirty-three parchment sheets of drawings and notes, now kept in the Bibliothèque Nationale in Paris. Villard's professional career lasted roughly from 1225 to 1250. As a boy, he went to work on the building of the Cistercian monastery at Vaucelles, not far from Honnecourt, and afterwards he was apprenticed to the masons' lodge at Cambrai Cathedral, where he began copying the drawings and layouts on the tracing-house floor. All his drawings are, therefore, of the plans, elevations and sections of cathedrals. These buildings have long since been destroyed, but his drawings, perhaps among his earliest, bear witness to their architecture. He travelled widely in France and recorded features of the great works at Reims, Laon and Chartres. These include the complex system of passageways built into the fabric of a great cathedral; Villard comments that one of their purposes was "to allow circulation in case of fire".Villard was invited to Hungary and reached there c. 1235. He may have been responsible for the edifice dedicated to St Elizabeth of Hungary, canonized in 1235, at Kassa (now Košice, Slovakia). Villard probably returned to France c. 1240, at least before the Tartar invasion of Hungary in 1241.His sketchbook, which dates to c. 1235, stands as a memorial to Villard's skill as a draughtsman, a student of perspective and a mechanical engineer. He took his sketchbook with him on his travels, and used ideas from it in his work abroad. It contains architectural designs, geometrical constructions for use in building, surveying exercises and drawings for various kinds of mechanical devices, for civil or military use. He was transmitting details from the highly developed French Gothic masons to the relatively underdeveloped eastern countries. The notebooks were annotated for the use of pupils and other master masons, and the notes on geometry were obviously intended for pupils. The prize examples are the pages in the book, clearly Villard's own work, related to mechanical devices. Whilst he, like many others of the period and after, played with designs for perpetual-motion machines, he concentrated on useful devices. These included the first Western representation of a perpetualmotion machine, which at least displays a concern to derive a source of energy: this was a water-powered sawmill, with automatic feed of the timber into the mill. This has been described as the first industrial automatic power-machine to involve two motions, for it not only converts the rotary motion of the water-wheel to the reciprocating motion of the saw, but incorporates a means of keeping the log pressed against the saw. His other designs included water-wheels, watermills, the Archimedean screw and other curious devices.[br]BibliographyOf several facsimile reprints with notes there are Album de Villard de Honnecourt, 1858, ed. J.B.Lassus, Paris (repr. 1968, Paris: Laget), and The Sketchbook of Villard de Honnecourt, 1959, ed. T.Bowie, Bloomington: Indiana University Press.Further ReadingJ.Gimpel, 1977, "Villard de Honnecourt: architect and engineer", The Medieval Machine, London: Victor Gollancz, ch. 6, pp. 114–46.——1988, The Medieval Machine, the Industrial Revolution of the Middle Ages, London.R.Pernord, J.Gimpel and R.Delatouche, 1986, Le Moyen age pour quoi fayre, Paris.KM / LRD -
9 Computers
The brain has been compared to a digital computer because the neuron, like a switch or valve, either does or does not complete a circuit. But at that point the similarity ends. The switch in the digital computer is constant in its effect, and its effect is large in proportion to the total output of the machine. The effect produced by the neuron varies with its recovery from [the] refractory phase and with its metabolic state. The number of neurons involved in any action runs into millions so that the influence of any one is negligible.... Any cell in the system can be dispensed with.... The brain is an analogical machine, not digital. Analysis of the integrative activities will probably have to be in statistical terms. (Lashley, quoted in Beach, Hebb, Morgan & Nissen, 1960, p. 539)It is essential to realize that a computer is not a mere "number cruncher," or supercalculating arithmetic machine, although this is how computers are commonly regarded by people having no familiarity with artificial intelligence. Computers do not crunch numbers; they manipulate symbols.... Digital computers originally developed with mathematical problems in mind, are in fact general purpose symbol manipulating machines....The terms "computer" and "computation" are themselves unfortunate, in view of their misleading arithmetical connotations. The definition of artificial intelligence previously cited-"the study of intelligence as computation"-does not imply that intelligence is really counting. Intelligence may be defined as the ability creatively to manipulate symbols, or process information, given the requirements of the task in hand. (Boden, 1981, pp. 15, 16-17)The task is to get computers to explain things to themselves, to ask questions about their experiences so as to cause those explanations to be forthcoming, and to be creative in coming up with explanations that have not been previously available. (Schank, 1986, p. 19)In What Computers Can't Do, written in 1969 (2nd edition, 1972), the main objection to AI was the impossibility of using rules to select only those facts about the real world that were relevant in a given situation. The "Introduction" to the paperback edition of the book, published by Harper & Row in 1979, pointed out further that no one had the slightest idea how to represent the common sense understanding possessed even by a four-year-old. (Dreyfus & Dreyfus, 1986, p. 102)A popular myth says that the invention of the computer diminishes our sense of ourselves, because it shows that rational thought is not special to human beings, but can be carried on by a mere machine. It is a short stop from there to the conclusion that intelligence is mechanical, which many people find to be an affront to all that is most precious and singular about their humanness.In fact, the computer, early in its career, was not an instrument of the philistines, but a humanizing influence. It helped to revive an idea that had fallen into disrepute: the idea that the mind is real, that it has an inner structure and a complex organization, and can be understood in scientific terms. For some three decades, until the 1940s, American psychology had lain in the grip of the ice age of behaviorism, which was antimental through and through. During these years, extreme behaviorists banished the study of thought from their agenda. Mind and consciousness, thinking, imagining, planning, solving problems, were dismissed as worthless for anything except speculation. Only the external aspects of behavior, the surface manifestations, were grist for the scientist's mill, because only they could be observed and measured....It is one of the surprising gifts of the computer in the history of ideas that it played a part in giving back to psychology what it had lost, which was nothing less than the mind itself. In particular, there was a revival of interest in how the mind represents the world internally to itself, by means of knowledge structures such as ideas, symbols, images, and inner narratives, all of which had been consigned to the realm of mysticism. (Campbell, 1989, p. 10)[Our artifacts] only have meaning because we give it to them; their intentionality, like that of smoke signals and writing, is essentially borrowed, hence derivative. To put it bluntly: computers themselves don't mean anything by their tokens (any more than books do)-they only mean what we say they do. Genuine understanding, on the other hand, is intentional "in its own right" and not derivatively from something else. (Haugeland, 1981a, pp. 32-33)he debate over the possibility of computer thought will never be won or lost; it will simply cease to be of interest, like the previous debate over man as a clockwork mechanism. (Bolter, 1984, p. 190)t takes us a long time to emotionally digest a new idea. The computer is too big a step, and too recently made, for us to quickly recover our balance and gauge its potential. It's an enormous accelerator, perhaps the greatest one since the plow, twelve thousand years ago. As an intelligence amplifier, it speeds up everything-including itself-and it continually improves because its heart is information or, more plainly, ideas. We can no more calculate its consequences than Babbage could have foreseen antibiotics, the Pill, or space stations.Further, the effects of those ideas are rapidly compounding, because a computer design is itself just a set of ideas. As we get better at manipulating ideas by building ever better computers, we get better at building even better computers-it's an ever-escalating upward spiral. The early nineteenth century, when the computer's story began, is already so far back that it may as well be the Stone Age. (Rawlins, 1997, p. 19)According to weak AI, the principle value of the computer in the study of the mind is that it gives us a very powerful tool. For example, it enables us to formulate and test hypotheses in a more rigorous and precise fashion than before. But according to strong AI the computer is not merely a tool in the study of the mind; rather the appropriately programmed computer really is a mind in the sense that computers given the right programs can be literally said to understand and have other cognitive states. And according to strong AI, because the programmed computer has cognitive states, the programs are not mere tools that enable us to test psychological explanations; rather, the programs are themselves the explanations. (Searle, 1981b, p. 353)What makes people smarter than machines? They certainly are not quicker or more precise. Yet people are far better at perceiving objects in natural scenes and noting their relations, at understanding language and retrieving contextually appropriate information from memory, at making plans and carrying out contextually appropriate actions, and at a wide range of other natural cognitive tasks. People are also far better at learning to do these things more accurately and fluently through processing experience.What is the basis for these differences? One answer, perhaps the classic one we might expect from artificial intelligence, is "software." If we only had the right computer program, the argument goes, we might be able to capture the fluidity and adaptability of human information processing. Certainly this answer is partially correct. There have been great breakthroughs in our understanding of cognition as a result of the development of expressive high-level computer languages and powerful algorithms. However, we do not think that software is the whole story.In our view, people are smarter than today's computers because the brain employs a basic computational architecture that is more suited to deal with a central aspect of the natural information processing tasks that people are so good at.... hese tasks generally require the simultaneous consideration of many pieces of information or constraints. Each constraint may be imperfectly specified and ambiguous, yet each can play a potentially decisive role in determining the outcome of processing. (McClelland, Rumelhart & Hinton, 1986, pp. 3-4)Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Computers
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10 part
1) часть, доля, компонент, элемент2) часть, деталь ( механизма)4) разделять, делить ( на части)•part in bending — элемент, работающий на изгиб
part in compression — элемент, работающий на сжатие, сжатый элемент
- parts of rope - parts of structure - accessory part - architectural part of design - basic part - building part - closing parts - complex part - constructional part of design - damaged part - electric engineering part of design - electronic part - embedded parts - fabricated parts - fashion parts - fastening part - finished part - friction part - integral part - irreparable part - load-bearing part - location part - make-up part - male part - mechanical and process engineering part of design - mortar part of the mix - odd parts - odd-shaped part - profiled part - remanufactured part - removable parts - repair parts - rubbing part - sampling part - sanitary engineering part of design - sealing part - simple part - spare parts - stamped part - standard part - standardized machine parts - striking part of hammer - structural part of design - supporting part - wearing partpart in tension — элемент, работающий на растяжении, растянутый элемент
* * *1. часть, доля2. разделять, отделять3. компонент, элемент; деталь; узел- parts of construction works
- parts of rope
- parts of structure
- accessory part
- building part
- closing parts
- constituent parts
- defective parts
- dividing parts
- driving parts
- embedded parts
- enclosing parts
- fixed part of the crane
- interchangeable parts
- live derricking part
- machine parts
- mortar part of the mix
- repair parts
- spare parts
- structural parts
- subsurface parts of building
- trimming parts -
11 Bibliography
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Collins (Eds.), Representation and understanding: Stud ies in Cognitive Science (pp. 131-149). New York: Academic Press.■ Boden, M. A. (1977). Artificial intelligence and natural man. New York: Basic Books.■ Boden, M. A. (1981). Minds and mechanisms. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.■ Boden, M. A. (1990a). The creative mind: Myths and mechanisms. London: Cardinal.■ Boden, M. A. (1990b). The philosophy of artificial intelligence. Oxford: Oxford University Press.■ Boden, M. A. (1994). Precis of The creative mind: Myths and mechanisms. Behavioral and brain sciences 17, 519-570.■ Boden, M. (1996). Creativity. In M. Boden (Ed.), Artificial Intelligence (2nd ed.). San Diego: Academic Press.■ Bolter, J. D. (1984). Turing's man: Western culture in the computer age. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press.■ Bolton, N. (1972). The psychology of thinking. London: Methuen.■ Bourne, L. E. (1973). Some forms of cognition: A critical analysis of several papers. In R. 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E. Hinton (1986). Schemata and sequential thought processes in PDP models. In J. L. McClelland, D. E. Rumelhart & the PDP Research Group (Eds.), Parallel Distributed Processing (Vol. 2, pp. 7-57). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.■ Russell, B. (1927). An outline of philosophy. London: G. Allen & Unwin.■ Russell, B. (1961). History of Western philosophy. London: George Allen & Unwin.■ Russell, B. (1965). How I write. In Portraits from memory and other essays. London: Allen & Unwin.■ Russell, B. (1992). In N. Griffin (Ed.), The selected letters of Bertrand Russell (Vol. 1), The private years, 1884- 1914. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. Ryecroft, C. (1966). Psychoanalysis observed. London: Constable.■ Sagan, C. (1978). The dragons of Eden: Speculations on the evolution of human intel ligence. New York: Ballantine Books.■ Salthouse, T. A. (1992). Expertise as the circumvention of human processing limitations. In K. A. Ericsson & J. Smith (Eds.), Toward a general theory of expertise: Prospects and limits (pp. 172-194). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.■ Sanford, A. J. (1987). The mind of man: Models of human understanding. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.■ Sapir, E. (1921). Language. New York: Harcourt, Brace, and World.■ Sapir, E. (1964). Culture, language, and personality. Berkeley: University of California Press. (Originally published in 1941.)■ Sapir, E. (1985). The status of linguistics as a science. In D. G. Mandelbaum (Ed.), Selected writings of Edward Sapir in language, culture and personality (pp. 160166). Berkeley: University of California Press. (Originally published in 1929).■ Scardmalia, M., & C. Bereiter (1992). Literate expertise. In K. A. Ericsson & J. Smith (Eds.), Toward a general theory of expertise: Prospects and limits (pp. 172-194). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.■ Schafer, R. (1954). Psychoanalytic interpretation in Rorschach testing. New York: Grune & Stratten.■ Schank, R. C. (1973). Identification of conceptualizations underlying natural language. In R. C. Schank & K. M. Colby (Eds.), Computer models of thought and language (pp. 187-248). San Francisco: W. H. Freeman.■ Schank, R. C. (1976). The role of memory in language processing. In C. N. Cofer (Ed.), The structure of human memory. (pp. 162-189) San Francisco: W. H. Freeman.■ Schank, R. C. (1986). Explanation patterns: Understanding mechanically and creatively. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.■ Schank, R. C., & R. P. Abelson (1977). Scripts, plans, goals, and understanding. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.■ SchroЁdinger, E. (1951). Science and humanism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.■ Searle, J. R. (1981a). Minds, brains, and programs. In J. Haugeland (Ed.), Mind design: Philosophy, psychology, artificial intelligence (pp. 282-306). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.■ Searle, J. R. (1981b). Minds, brains and programs. In D. Hofstadter & D. 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Posner (Ed.), Foundations of cognitive science (pp. 1-47). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.■ Simonton, D. K. (1988). Creativity, leadership and chance. In R. J. Sternberg (Ed.), The nature of creativity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.■ Skinner, B. F. (1974). About behaviorism. New York: Knopf.■ Smith, E. E. (1988). Concepts and thought. In J. Sternberg & E. E. Smith (Eds.), The psychology of human thought (pp. 19-49). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.■ Smith, E. E. (1990). Thinking: Introduction. In D. N. Osherson & E. E. Smith (Eds.), Thinking. An invitation to cognitive science. (Vol. 3, pp. 1-2). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.■ Socrates. (1958). Meno. In E. H. Warmington & P. O. Rouse (Eds.), Great dialogues of Plato W.H.D. Rouse (Trans.). New York: New American Library. (Original publication date unknown.)■ Solso, R. L. (1974). Theories of retrieval. In R. L. Solso (Ed.), Theories in cognitive psychology. Potomac, MD: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.■ Spencer, H. (1896). The principles of psychology. New York: Appleton-CenturyCrofts.■ Steiner, G. (1975). After Babel: Aspects of language and translation. New York: Oxford University Press.■ Sternberg, R. J. (1977). Intelligence, information processing, and analogical reasoning. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.■ Sternberg, R. J. (1994). Intelligence. In R. J. Sternberg, Thinking and problem solving. San Diego: Academic Press.■ Sternberg, R. J., & J. E. Davidson (1985). Cognitive development in gifted and talented. In F. D. Horowitz & M. O'Brien (Eds.), The gifted and talented (pp. 103-135). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.■ Storr, A. (1993). The dynamics of creation. New York: Ballantine Books. (Originally published in 1972.)■ Stumpf, S. E. (1994). Philosophy: History and problems (5th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.■ Sulloway, F. J. (1996). Born to rebel: Birth order, family dynamics, and creative lives. New York: Random House/Vintage Books.■ Thorndike, E. L. (1906). Principles of teaching. New York: A. G. Seiler.■ Thorndike, E. L. (1970). Animal intelligence: Experimental studies. Darien, CT: Hafner Publishing Co. (Originally published in 1911.)■ Titchener, E. B. (1910). A textbook of psychology. New York: Macmillan.■ Titchener, E. B. (1914). A primer of psychology. New York: Macmillan.■ Toulmin, S. (1957). The philosophy of science. London: Hutchinson.■ Tulving, E. (1972). Episodic and semantic memory. In E. Tulving & W. Donaldson (Eds.), Organisation of memory. London: Academic Press.■ Turing, A. (1946). In B. E. Carpenter & R. W. Doran (Eds.), ACE reports of 1946 and other papers. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.■ Turkle, S. (1984). Computers and the second self: Computers and the human spirit. New York: Simon & Schuster.■ Tyler, S. A. (1978). The said and the unsaid: Mind, meaning, and culture. New York: Academic Press.■ van Heijenoort (Ed.) (1967). From Frege to Goedel. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.■ Varela, F. J. (1984). The creative circle: Sketches on the natural history of circularity. In P. Watzlawick (Ed.), The invented reality (pp. 309-324). New York: W. W. Norton.■ Voltaire (1961). On the Penseґs of M. Pascal. In Philosophical letters (pp. 119-146). E. Dilworth (Trans.). Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill.■ Wagman, M. (1991a). Artificial intelligence and human cognition: A theoretical inter comparison of two realms of intellect. Westport, CT: Praeger.■ Wagman, M. (1991b). Cognitive science and concepts of mind: Toward a general theory of human and artificial intelligence. Westport, CT: Praeger.■ Wagman, M. (1993). Cognitive psychology and artificial intelligence: Theory and re search in cognitive science. Westport, CT: Praeger.■ Wagman, M. (1995). The sciences of cognition: Theory and research in psychology and artificial intelligence. Westport, CT: Praeger.■ Wagman, M. (1996). Human intellect and cognitive science: Toward a general unified theory of intelligence. Westport, CT: Praeger.■ Wagman, M. (1997a). Cognitive science and the symbolic operations of human and artificial intelligence: Theory and research into the intellective processes. Westport, CT: Praeger.■ Wagman, M. (1997b). The general unified theory of intelligence: Central conceptions and specific application to domains of cognitive science. Westport, CT: Praeger.■ Wagman, M. (1998a). Cognitive science and the mind- body problem: From philosophy to psychology to artificial intelligence to imaging of the brain. Westport, CT: Praeger.■ Wagman, M. (1998b). Language and thought in humans and computers: Theory and research in psychology, artificial intelligence, and neural science. Westport, CT: Praeger.■ Wagman, M. (1998c). The ultimate objectives of artificial intelligence: Theoretical and research foundations, philosophical and psychological implications. Westport, CT: Praeger.■ Wagman, M. (1999). The human mind according to artificial intelligence: Theory, re search, and implications. Westport, CT: Praeger.■ Wagman, M. (2000). Scientific discovery processes in humans and computers: Theory and research in psychology and artificial intelligence. Westport, CT: Praeger.■ Wall, R. (1972). Introduction to mathematical linguistics. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.■ Wallas, G. (1926). The Art of Thought. New York: Harcourt, Brace & Co.■ Wason, P. (1977). Self contradictions. In P. Johnson-Laird & P. Wason (Eds.), Thinking: Readings in cognitive science. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.■ Wason, P. C., & P. N. Johnson-Laird. (1972). Psychology of reasoning: Structure and content. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.■ Watson, J. (1930). Behaviorism. New York: W. W. Norton.■ Watzlawick, P. (1984). Epilogue. In P. Watzlawick (Ed.), The invented reality. New York: W. W. Norton, 1984.■ Weinberg, S. (1977). The first three minutes: A modern view of the origin of the uni verse. New York: Basic Books.■ Weisberg, R. W. (1986). Creativity: Genius and other myths. 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Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Bibliography
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12 unit
nounarmoured unit — (Mil.) Panzereinheit, die
unit of length/monetary unit — Längen-/Währungseinheit, die
4) (piece of furniture) Element, daskitchen unit — Küchenelement, das
* * *['ju:nit]1) (a single thing, individual etc within a group: The building is divided into twelve different apartments or living units.) die Einheit2) (an amount or quantity that is used as a standard in a system of measuring or coinage: The dollar is the standard unit of currency in America.) die Einheit3) (the smallest whole number, 1, or any number between 1 and 9: In the number 23, 2 is a ten, and 3 is a unit.) der Einer* * *[ˈju:nɪt]n\unit of alcohol Alkoholeinheit f\unit of currency Währungseinheit f\unit of length Längenmaß nt\unit weight PHYS spezifisches Gewichtanti-terrorist \unit Antiterroreinheit fthe family \unit der Familienverbandpolicy \unit politische Abteilung\unit of a course Abschnitt m eines Kurses\unit of a course book Kapitel nt eines Kursbucheskitchen \unit Küchenelement ntcentral processing \unit zentrale Datenverarbeitungsanlagevideo display \unit Sichtgerät ntmultiple-\unit dwelling Wohnanlage f* * *['juːnɪt]n2) (= section) Einheit f; (of furniture) Element nt; (of machine) Element nt, Teil nt; (of organization) Abteilung f; (of course book) Lektion fpower unit — Aggregat nt; (of a rocket) Triebwerk nt
where did you get those units in your bedroom? — wo haben Sie die Anbauelemente in Ihrem Schlafzimmer her?
the family as the basic unit — die Familie als Grundelement
3) (= measure) Einheit funit of account/length — Rechnungs-/Längeneinheit f
* * *unit [ˈjuːnıt] s1. allg Einheit f, (besonders Möbel) Element n:unit of account (currency, trade, value) WIRTSCH (Ver)Rechnungs-(Währungs-, Handels-, Wertungs)einheit;unit of measure Maßeinheit;unit furniture Anbaumöbel pl;2. a) PHYS (Grund)Einheit f:b) TEL (Gesprächs)Einheit f3. MATH Einer m, Einheit f:unit fraction Stammbruch m4. TECHa) (Bau)Einheit fb) Aggregat n, Anlage f:5. MIL Einheit f, Verband m, Truppenteil m6. SCHULEa) besonders US (Schul-, Lehr)Jahr n (in einem Fach)b) Unit f, (Lern)Einheit f, Lektion f7. MED Einheit f, Dosis f, Menge f8. Grundeinheit f, Kern m, Zelle f:9. US Gruppe f Gleichgesinnter, (feste) Gemeinschaftu. abk1. uncle2. unit Einh.3. upper ob.U. abk2. unit Einh.3. united ver(ein).4. university Univ.5. Utah* * *nounarmoured unit — (Mil.) Panzereinheit, die
unit of length/monetary unit — Längen-/Währungseinheit, die
4) (piece of furniture) Element, daskitchen unit — Küchenelement, das
* * *n.Bauteil -e n.Einheit -en f.Gerät -e n. -
13 program
программа; управляющая программа, УП || программировать; готовить УП- 3D machining programto download programs to individual machine controls — вводить УП ( из центральной ЭВМ системы) в УЧПУ отдельных станков
- absolute program
- ACC programs
- analysis programs
- application design automation program
- APT program
- APT source program
- assembly language program
- assembly program
- automated data preparation evaluation program
- automatic NC machining data generation programs
- automatic offset program
- auxiliary program
- axis driver scaling program
- basic control program
- BCL program
- benchmark program
- bureau computer program
- CAD program
- CAD/NC programs
- CAM-generated program
- canned generic NC program
- canned program
- cellular conversion program
- channel program
- circuit analysis program
- CNC inspection program
- CNC program
- CNC turning-center program
- collision-free program
- communication control program
- communications control program
- companion program
- compensation program
- complex tooling cost program
- component program
- computer program
- computer-aided design and evaluation program
- computer-stored part program
- consultation program
- contingency program
- continuous NC program
- contour milling program
- control I/O program
- control program
- control-resident program
- conversational program
- coolant-dispensing program
- cutter path program
- cutting program
- data editor program
- data fetch program
- data I/O program
- DCS program
- declarative program
- dexel program
- diagnosis program
- diagnostic program
- DMIS program
- DNC programs
- DOS program
- download program
- draft program
- edited program
- error-correcting program
- ESPRIT program
- evaluation program
- execute program
- executive program
- extension program
- externally generated program
- family program
- fault diagnosis program
- finished program
- finite-element program
- fixture-building program
- Fortran-based program
- functions program
- general program
- general-purpose program
- geometric modeling program
- goal-oriented program
- graphics program
- grinding program
- grinding wheel wear compensation program
- hard program
- hardwired program
- high priority program
- higher priority program
- ICAM programs
- implementation program
- incremental program
- initial loading program
- inspection program
- integer program
- interface program
- interpretative program
- interpreter program
- interpretive program
- jaw change program
- ladder logic program
- logic program
- low priority program
- lower priority program
- machine cutting program
- machine program
- machine tool program
- machining program
- main program
- maintenance programs
- malfunction analysis program
- management program
- manipulator-level program
- master program
- master software program
- MDI program
- measuring machine program
- mirror program
- MMS programs
- mode control program
- modeling program
- modified program
- monitoring program
- MS program
- MS-DOS programs
- multisequence program
- NC data generation programs
- NC program
- NC tape program
- NC verification program
- nonresident diagnostic program
- nonresident diagnostics program
- numerical control program
- numerically intensive program
- occupational health program
- occupational safety program
- off-line diagnostic program
- one-to-one program
- operator-activated program
- optimizing program
- order-picking program
- palletizing program
- part inspection program
- part program
- part-family program
- part-plan program
- pass through program
- path calculation program
- PC vision programs
- peripheral support program
- pilot program
- plain language program
- plugboard program
- postprocessor programs
- preprepared program
- preselected program
- preset program
- priority program
- production program
- proved program
- proven part program
- punched tape program
- quality programs
- read-in program
- refining program
- requesting part program
- returning control program
- reverse program
- robot control program
- robot execution program
- robot program
- rule-based program
- running program
- scaling program
- scheduling program
- sequential program
- service program
- simulation program
- SMSG program
- software control programs
- software programs
- source program
- SPC program
- spreadsheet program
- spreadsheet-based program
- standard machining program
- standard program
- stored program
- stress analysis program
- structural optimization program
- swarf-clearing program
- system program
- system's executive program
- tape program
- task program
- task-level program
- teaching operations function program
- temporary diagnostic program
- test program
- testing program
- thread program
- three-dimensional surface program
- time program
- tolerancing program
- tool animation program
- tool management program
- tooling program
- tool-plan program
- tool-setting program
- tool-tracking program
- tracing program
- trajectory translator program
- turnkey programs
- type-related program
- unproved program
- upload program
- up-to-date program
- user friendly program
- user I/O program
- user-extension program
- user-written program
- utility program
- vehicular behavior analysis program
- work program
- working program
- workpiece program
- workstation programEnglish-Russian dictionary of mechanical engineering and automation > program
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14 ABC
1) Общая лексика: hum. сокр. Across Breed Comparison, алфавитный указатель (железнодорожный), атомный, биологический и химический, букварь, железнодорожный алфавитный указатель, начатки, простейший, простой, самые простые знания и понятия, азбука, алфавит, азбука, алфавит, основы2) Компьютерная техника: Abstract Base Class, Approximate Bootstrap Confidence, Atanasoff Berry Computer4) Спорт: Adventure Balance And Challenge, Agility Balance And Coordination, American Bowling Congress, Another Blowout Coming, Anybody But Carolina, Association Of Boxing Commissions5) Военный термин: Advanced Blade Concept, Air Bridge to Canada, Airborne Command, Airborne Corps, All Blocks Covered, Allied Baltic Command, American, British, and Canadian, American-British-Canadian, Army Battle Command, Asian Brown Cloud, Atomic Bacterial Chemical, advanced basing concept, advanced biomedical capsule, air bubble craft, airborne cigar, airborne control, assistant beach commander6) Техника: ABC method, American bibliographic benter, absolute binary code, after bottom center, after bottom dead center, air-blast cooled, augmented bibliographic citation, automatic bass control, automatic bias compensation, automatic blip counter, блок питания накала, анода и сетки, справочник железнодорожных станций с расписанием поездов7) Сельское хозяйство: abscess8) Шутливое выражение: A Bored Capitalist, A Boring Channel, Absolute Best Channel, Absolutely Boring Comedy, All Bout Cancellations, Already Been Cancelled, Always Be Cool, Always Burn Colorado, Americas Bin Collapsed, Another Bad Choice, Another Book Club, Anything But Chaos, Anything But Competence, The Almost Broadcasting Company9) Химия: Alkali Bearing Carrier10) Религия: A Better Chance, About Bethlehem Centers, Adult Bible Community, Agape Book Club, All Believe Confess, American Bible Channel, Arts Based Church, грамота, азы11) Железнодорожный термин: Air Brakes And Chain12) Юридический термин: A Big Clue, Alcohol Beverage Control, Always Be Careful, Attorneys, Bankers, And Cpas, transaction13) Бухгалтерия: Accountability Basics And Control, Analyze Bill And Control14) Фармакология: abacavir (абакавир)15) Финансы: анализ затрат по видам16) Австралийский сленг: Australian Broadcasting Corporation, австралийский государственный телерадиоканал17) Ветеринария: Agricultural Biotechnology Center18) Грубое выражение: A Big Cockup, Absolute Bullshit Channel, Absolutely Bloody Crap, Always Be Caucasian, Always Been Crappy, Anything But Crap19) Горное дело: наставление, памятка, руководство, элементарный курс20) Кино: Эй-би-си21) Политика: Anybody But Clinton22) Презрительное выражение: American Born Chinese23) Телевидение: automatic brightness limiter24) Сокращение: Activity Based Costing (2002), Activity Based Costing, Advanced Ballistic Concept, Advanced Bar Code: 62 bar POSTNET code representing 11 digit ZIP (see DPBC), Advanced/ing Blade Concept, Aerated Bread Company, Alcoholic Beverage Control, All-purpose Ballastable Crawler, All-purpose Battle Computer, America, Britain & Canada, American Broadcast Company, American Broadcasting Corporation, Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Aruba, Bonaire, And Curacao, Associated British Pictures Corporation, Atomic, Bacteriological, Chemical (warfare), Atomic, Biological / Bacteriological & Chemical, Audit Bureau of Circulations Inc. (for 2nd class permit audits), Australian Broadcasting Commission, Automatic Boost Control, Automatic Brightness Control, atomic, bacteriological and chemical, atomic, biological and chemical, American Broadcasting Company, вычислительная машина Атанасова - Берри (Atanasoff-Berry Computer - first digital calculating machine that used vacuum tubes), American Brahma Club (Американский клуб специалистов по разведению кур породы бра(х)мапутра), American Bowling Congress (Американский конгресс (федерация клубов) игры в боулинг (кегли)), Arab Banking Corporation (Арабская банковская ассоциация), Automotive Booster Clubs International (Международная федерация клубов продавцов автомобильных запасных частей (США)), Associated British Cinemas (Объединение английских кинотеатров), automatic bass compensation (автоматическая коррекция нижних (звуковых) частот), automatic background control (автоматическая регулировка яркости( фона)), automatic blade control (автоматическое управление отвалом (плуга, бульдозера и т.п.)), accounting and budgetary control (бухгалтерско-бюджетный контроль), automatic binary computer (двоичная автоматическая вычислительная машина (устаревший термин)), air blast cooled (с воздушным охлаждением), aggregate base course (щебеночный подстилающий слой), Already Been Chewed, Absorbing boundary condition25) Университет: About Basic Composition, Academics Business And Community, Anchorage Basic Curriculum, Atlantic Baptist College26) Физиология: Absolute Brain Control, Abstinence Behavioral Change, Airway Breathing And Circulation, Airway Breathing Circulation, Airway Breathing Cold, Always Breastfeed Children, Aspiration, Biopsy, Cytology, Atp Binding Cassette, Automated Blood Collection27) Электроника: Already Been Converted, Automatic Background Calibration28) Вычислительная техника: Atanasoff-Berry Computer (First digital calculating machine that used vacuum tubes), activity-based costing, analog boundary cell, American Broadcasting Company (Corporate name), классы построения приложения, оплата на базе фактического использования, функционально-стоимостный анализ29) Нефть: automatic bandwidth control, control30) Иммунология: Adaptive Behavior Center, Antibody Binding Capacity, antigen-binding capacity, Avidin and Biotinylated horseradish peroxidase macro-molecular Complex31) Онкология: Advanced Breast Cancer32) Португальский язык: Бразильская академия наук (сокр. от Academia Brasileira de Ciências = Brazilian Academy of Sciences)33) Транспорт: Air Brake Converted, Aluminum Brass Chrome34) Пищевая промышленность: Absolute Best Chewy, All Beer Cleaning, Apples, Bananas, And Carrots, Applesauce, Bran, and Cinnamon35) Воздухоплавание: Advance Booking Charter36) Двигатели внутреннего сгорания: после нижней мёртвой точки, за нижней мёртвой точкой (сокр. от after bottom (dead) centre)37) Фирменный знак: Alpha Beta Camera, Antwerp Book Capital, Associated British Corporation38) Экология: Association of Boards of Certification for Operating Personnel in Water and Wastewater Utilities, Association of British Climatologists39) Реклама: Бюро по Исследованию Тиражей США40) СМИ: Access Beauty And Character, Always Be Canceling my favorite shows, American Broadcasting Companies, Associated British Cinemas, Audit Bureau Of Circulation, Audit Bureau Of Circulations, Australian Broadcasting Company41) Деловая лексика: A Better Company, A Board Committed, A Business Commitment, Allocation Budget And Contract, Always Be Closing, Always Bring Cash, Analysis Building And Cleaning, Appropriate Business Casual, расчёт себестоимости по объёму хозяйственной стоимости (Activity Based Costing)42) Глоссарий компании Сахалин Энерджи: type of fire extinguisher43) Образование: Anti Bullying Commitee, Attentional Behavioral Cognitive, Attitude Behavior Consistency44) Сетевые технологии: Application Building Classes45) Полимеры: assisted biological coagulation46) Макаров: начальные положения, элементарный, элементы47) Аэродинамика: концепция набегающей (идущей вперёд) лопасти (летательного аппарата с вращающимися крыльями) (сокр. от advancing-blade concept)48) Военно-морской флот: главный старшина авиационной боцманской команды (на авианосце) (сокр. от Chief Aviation Boatswain's Mate)49) Расширение файла: ABC FlowCharter Document, ABC programming language General filename extension, Musical notation language file (folk melodies)50) Нефть и газ: advanced blending control51) Электротехника: armored bushing cable52) Молекулярная биология: adenosine triphosphate-binding cassette53) ООН: A Bunch of Communists54) Общественная организация: American Bird Conservancy55) НАСА: Active Body Control56) Библиотечное дело: American Bibliographical Center57) Базы данных: Alphabetically Based Computerized58) Альпинизм: advanced base camp -
15 abc
1) Общая лексика: hum. сокр. Across Breed Comparison, алфавитный указатель (железнодорожный), атомный, биологический и химический, букварь, железнодорожный алфавитный указатель, начатки, простейший, простой, самые простые знания и понятия, азбука, алфавит, азбука, алфавит, основы2) Компьютерная техника: Abstract Base Class, Approximate Bootstrap Confidence, Atanasoff Berry Computer4) Спорт: Adventure Balance And Challenge, Agility Balance And Coordination, American Bowling Congress, Another Blowout Coming, Anybody But Carolina, Association Of Boxing Commissions5) Военный термин: Advanced Blade Concept, Air Bridge to Canada, Airborne Command, Airborne Corps, All Blocks Covered, Allied Baltic Command, American, British, and Canadian, American-British-Canadian, Army Battle Command, Asian Brown Cloud, Atomic Bacterial Chemical, advanced basing concept, advanced biomedical capsule, air bubble craft, airborne cigar, airborne control, assistant beach commander6) Техника: ABC method, American bibliographic benter, absolute binary code, after bottom center, after bottom dead center, air-blast cooled, augmented bibliographic citation, automatic bass control, automatic bias compensation, automatic blip counter, блок питания накала, анода и сетки, справочник железнодорожных станций с расписанием поездов7) Сельское хозяйство: abscess8) Шутливое выражение: A Bored Capitalist, A Boring Channel, Absolute Best Channel, Absolutely Boring Comedy, All Bout Cancellations, Already Been Cancelled, Always Be Cool, Always Burn Colorado, Americas Bin Collapsed, Another Bad Choice, Another Book Club, Anything But Chaos, Anything But Competence, The Almost Broadcasting Company9) Химия: Alkali Bearing Carrier10) Религия: A Better Chance, About Bethlehem Centers, Adult Bible Community, Agape Book Club, All Believe Confess, American Bible Channel, Arts Based Church, грамота, азы11) Железнодорожный термин: Air Brakes And Chain12) Юридический термин: A Big Clue, Alcohol Beverage Control, Always Be Careful, Attorneys, Bankers, And Cpas, transaction13) Бухгалтерия: Accountability Basics And Control, Analyze Bill And Control14) Фармакология: abacavir (абакавир)15) Финансы: анализ затрат по видам16) Австралийский сленг: Australian Broadcasting Corporation, австралийский государственный телерадиоканал17) Ветеринария: Agricultural Biotechnology Center18) Грубое выражение: A Big Cockup, Absolute Bullshit Channel, Absolutely Bloody Crap, Always Be Caucasian, Always Been Crappy, Anything But Crap19) Горное дело: наставление, памятка, руководство, элементарный курс20) Кино: Эй-би-си21) Политика: Anybody But Clinton22) Презрительное выражение: American Born Chinese23) Телевидение: automatic brightness limiter24) Сокращение: Activity Based Costing (2002), Activity Based Costing, Advanced Ballistic Concept, Advanced Bar Code: 62 bar POSTNET code representing 11 digit ZIP (see DPBC), Advanced/ing Blade Concept, Aerated Bread Company, Alcoholic Beverage Control, All-purpose Ballastable Crawler, All-purpose Battle Computer, America, Britain & Canada, American Broadcast Company, American Broadcasting Corporation, Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Aruba, Bonaire, And Curacao, Associated British Pictures Corporation, Atomic, Bacteriological, Chemical (warfare), Atomic, Biological / Bacteriological & Chemical, Audit Bureau of Circulations Inc. (for 2nd class permit audits), Australian Broadcasting Commission, Automatic Boost Control, Automatic Brightness Control, atomic, bacteriological and chemical, atomic, biological and chemical, American Broadcasting Company, вычислительная машина Атанасова - Берри (Atanasoff-Berry Computer - first digital calculating machine that used vacuum tubes), American Brahma Club (Американский клуб специалистов по разведению кур породы бра(х)мапутра), American Bowling Congress (Американский конгресс (федерация клубов) игры в боулинг (кегли)), Arab Banking Corporation (Арабская банковская ассоциация), Automotive Booster Clubs International (Международная федерация клубов продавцов автомобильных запасных частей (США)), Associated British Cinemas (Объединение английских кинотеатров), automatic bass compensation (автоматическая коррекция нижних (звуковых) частот), automatic background control (автоматическая регулировка яркости( фона)), automatic blade control (автоматическое управление отвалом (плуга, бульдозера и т.п.)), accounting and budgetary control (бухгалтерско-бюджетный контроль), automatic binary computer (двоичная автоматическая вычислительная машина (устаревший термин)), air blast cooled (с воздушным охлаждением), aggregate base course (щебеночный подстилающий слой), Already Been Chewed, Absorbing boundary condition25) Университет: About Basic Composition, Academics Business And Community, Anchorage Basic Curriculum, Atlantic Baptist College26) Физиология: Absolute Brain Control, Abstinence Behavioral Change, Airway Breathing And Circulation, Airway Breathing Circulation, Airway Breathing Cold, Always Breastfeed Children, Aspiration, Biopsy, Cytology, Atp Binding Cassette, Automated Blood Collection27) Электроника: Already Been Converted, Automatic Background Calibration28) Вычислительная техника: Atanasoff-Berry Computer (First digital calculating machine that used vacuum tubes), activity-based costing, analog boundary cell, American Broadcasting Company (Corporate name), классы построения приложения, оплата на базе фактического использования, функционально-стоимостный анализ29) Нефть: automatic bandwidth control, control30) Иммунология: Adaptive Behavior Center, Antibody Binding Capacity, antigen-binding capacity, Avidin and Biotinylated horseradish peroxidase macro-molecular Complex31) Онкология: Advanced Breast Cancer32) Португальский язык: Бразильская академия наук (сокр. от Academia Brasileira de Ciências = Brazilian Academy of Sciences)33) Транспорт: Air Brake Converted, Aluminum Brass Chrome34) Пищевая промышленность: Absolute Best Chewy, All Beer Cleaning, Apples, Bananas, And Carrots, Applesauce, Bran, and Cinnamon35) Воздухоплавание: Advance Booking Charter36) Двигатели внутреннего сгорания: после нижней мёртвой точки, за нижней мёртвой точкой (сокр. от after bottom (dead) centre)37) Фирменный знак: Alpha Beta Camera, Antwerp Book Capital, Associated British Corporation38) Экология: Association of Boards of Certification for Operating Personnel in Water and Wastewater Utilities, Association of British Climatologists39) Реклама: Бюро по Исследованию Тиражей США40) СМИ: Access Beauty And Character, Always Be Canceling my favorite shows, American Broadcasting Companies, Associated British Cinemas, Audit Bureau Of Circulation, Audit Bureau Of Circulations, Australian Broadcasting Company41) Деловая лексика: A Better Company, A Board Committed, A Business Commitment, Allocation Budget And Contract, Always Be Closing, Always Bring Cash, Analysis Building And Cleaning, Appropriate Business Casual, расчёт себестоимости по объёму хозяйственной стоимости (Activity Based Costing)42) Глоссарий компании Сахалин Энерджи: type of fire extinguisher43) Образование: Anti Bullying Commitee, Attentional Behavioral Cognitive, Attitude Behavior Consistency44) Сетевые технологии: Application Building Classes45) Полимеры: assisted biological coagulation46) Макаров: начальные положения, элементарный, элементы47) Аэродинамика: концепция набегающей (идущей вперёд) лопасти (летательного аппарата с вращающимися крыльями) (сокр. от advancing-blade concept)48) Военно-морской флот: главный старшина авиационной боцманской команды (на авианосце) (сокр. от Chief Aviation Boatswain's Mate)49) Расширение файла: ABC FlowCharter Document, ABC programming language General filename extension, Musical notation language file (folk melodies)50) Нефть и газ: advanced blending control51) Электротехника: armored bushing cable52) Молекулярная биология: adenosine triphosphate-binding cassette53) ООН: A Bunch of Communists54) Общественная организация: American Bird Conservancy55) НАСА: Active Body Control56) Библиотечное дело: American Bibliographical Center57) Базы данных: Alphabetically Based Computerized58) Альпинизм: advanced base camp -
16 Thinking
But what then am I? A thing which thinks. What is a thing which thinks? It is a thing which doubts, understands, [conceives], affirms, denies, wills, refuses, which also imagines and feels. (Descartes, 1951, p. 153)I have been trying in all this to remove the temptation to think that there "must be" a mental process of thinking, hoping, wishing, believing, etc., independent of the process of expressing a thought, a hope, a wish, etc.... If we scrutinize the usages which we make of "thinking," "meaning," "wishing," etc., going through this process rids us of the temptation to look for a peculiar act of thinking, independent of the act of expressing our thoughts, and stowed away in some particular medium. (Wittgenstein, 1958, pp. 41-43)Analyse the proofs employed by the subject. If they do not go beyond observation of empirical correspondences, they can be fully explained in terms of concrete operations, and nothing would warrant our assuming that more complex thought mechanisms are operating. If, on the other hand, the subject interprets a given correspondence as the result of any one of several possible combinations, and this leads him to verify his hypotheses by observing their consequences, we know that propositional operations are involved. (Inhelder & Piaget, 1958, p. 279)In every age, philosophical thinking exploits some dominant concepts and makes its greatest headway in solving problems conceived in terms of them. The seventeenth- and eighteenth-century philosophers construed knowledge, knower, and known in terms of sense data and their association. Descartes' self-examination gave classical psychology the mind and its contents as a starting point. Locke set up sensory immediacy as the new criterion of the real... Hobbes provided the genetic method of building up complex ideas from simple ones... and, in another quarter, still true to the Hobbesian method, Pavlov built intellect out of conditioned reflexes and Loeb built life out of tropisms. (S. Langer, 1962, p. 54)Experiments on deductive reasoning show that subjects are influenced sufficiently by their experience for their reasoning to differ from that described by a purely deductive system, whilst experiments on inductive reasoning lead to the view that an understanding of the strategies used by adult subjects in attaining concepts involves reference to higher-order concepts of a logical and deductive nature. (Bolton, 1972, p. 154)There are now machines in the world that think, that learn and create. Moreover, their ability to do these things is going to increase rapidly until-in the visible future-the range of problems they can handle will be coextensive with the range to which the human mind has been applied. (Newell & Simon, quoted in Weizenbaum, 1976, p. 138)But how does it happen that thinking is sometimes accompanied by action and sometimes not, sometimes by motion, and sometimes not? It looks as if almost the same thing happens as in the case of reasoning and making inferences about unchanging objects. But in that case the end is a speculative proposition... whereas here the conclusion which results from the two premises is an action.... I need covering; a cloak is a covering. I need a cloak. What I need, I have to make; I need a cloak. I have to make a cloak. And the conclusion, the "I have to make a cloak," is an action. (Nussbaum, 1978, p. 40)It is well to remember that when philosophy emerged in Greece in the sixth century, B.C., it did not burst suddenly out of the Mediterranean blue. The development of societies of reasoning creatures-what we call civilization-had been a process to be measured not in thousands but in millions of years. Human beings became civilized as they became reasonable, and for an animal to begin to reason and to learn how to improve its reasoning is a long, slow process. So thinking had been going on for ages before Greece-slowly improving itself, uncovering the pitfalls to be avoided by forethought, endeavoring to weigh alternative sets of consequences intellectually. What happened in the sixth century, B.C., is that thinking turned round on itself; people began to think about thinking, and the momentous event, the culmination of the long process to that point, was in fact the birth of philosophy. (Lipman, Sharp & Oscanyan, 1980, p. xi)The way to look at thought is not to assume that there is a parallel thread of correlated affects or internal experiences that go with it in some regular way. It's not of course that people don't have internal experiences, of course they do; but that when you ask what is the state of mind of someone, say while he or she is performing a ritual, it's hard to believe that such experiences are the same for all people involved.... The thinking, and indeed the feeling in an odd sort of way, is really going on in public. They are really saying what they're saying, doing what they're doing, meaning what they're meaning. Thought is, in great part anyway, a public activity. (Geertz, quoted in J. Miller, 1983, pp. 202-203)Everything should be made as simple as possible, but not simpler. (Einstein, quoted in Minsky, 1986, p. 17)What, in effect, are the conditions for the construction of formal thought? The child must not only apply operations to objects-in other words, mentally execute possible actions on them-he must also "reflect" those operations in the absence of the objects which are replaced by pure propositions. Thus, "reflection" is thought raised to the second power. Concrete thinking is the representation of a possible action, and formal thinking is the representation of a representation of possible action.... It is not surprising, therefore, that the system of concrete operations must be completed during the last years of childhood before it can be "reflected" by formal operations. In terms of their function, formal operations do not differ from concrete operations except that they are applied to hypotheses or propositions [whose logic is] an abstract translation of the system of "inference" that governs concrete operations. (Piaget, quoted in Minsky, 1986, p. 237)[E]ven a human being today (hence, a fortiori, a remote ancestor of contemporary human beings) cannot easily or ordinarily maintain uninterrupted attention on a single problem for more than a few tens of seconds. Yet we work on problems that require vastly more time. The way we do that (as we can observe by watching ourselves) requires periods of mulling to be followed by periods of recapitulation, describing to ourselves what seems to have gone on during the mulling, leading to whatever intermediate results we have reached. This has an obvious function: namely, by rehearsing these interim results... we commit them to memory, for the immediate contents of the stream of consciousness are very quickly lost unless rehearsed.... Given language, we can describe to ourselves what seemed to occur during the mulling that led to a judgment, produce a rehearsable version of the reaching-a-judgment process, and commit that to long-term memory by in fact rehearsing it. (Margolis, 1987, p. 60)Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Thinking
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17 glass
1. стекло2. стеклянная оптика, pl очки3. стакан, бокал4. зеркало- A glass- acid-etched glass
- acidproof glass
- acid-resistant glass
- aircraft glass
- alabaster glass
- alarm glass
- alkali glass
- alkali-free glass
- alkaline earth glass
- alkali-resistant glass
- alumina glass
- aluminate glass
- aluminosilicate glass
- amber glass
- ampule glass
- ancient glass
- annealed glass
- antique glass
- apparatus glass
- architectural glass
- armored glass
- art glass
- auto glass
- automobile glass
- aventurine glass
- banded glass
- barium crystal glass
- baryta crown glass
- basalt glass
- base glass
- bent glass
- beveled glass
- binary glass
- blank glass
- blistery glass
- blown glass
- Bohemian glass
- Bohemian crystal glass
- bone glass
- borate glass
- borax glass
- borosilicate glass
- bottle glass
- bottom glass
- broken glass
- brown glass
- bubble glass
- building glass
- bulb glass
- bulletproof glass
- bull's eye glass
- cadmium sulfide glass
- cadmium sulfoselenide glass
- cased glass
- cast glass
- cathedral glass
- cellular glass
- ceramic-coated glass
- ceramized glass
- cerise glass
- cerium-decolorized glass
- chalcogenide glass
- chemical glass
- chemically strengthened glass
- chilled glass
- cladding glass
- clear glass
- clock glass
- clouded glass
- cloudy glass
- coated glass
- cobalt glass
- colloidal glass
- colored glass
- colorless glass
- commercial glass
- complex glass
- construction glass
- container glass
- cooking glass
- cool glass
- copper ruby glass
- cord glass
- cordy glass
- corrugated glass
- Coulbern glass
- cover glass
- cover-coat glass
- crown glass
- crushed glass
- crystal glass
- crystal-sheet glass
- cupping glass
- curved glass
- cylinder glass
- dead glass
- decolorized glass
- decorated glass
- decorative glass
- depolished glass
- devitrified glass
- devitrifying glass
- dichroic glass
- diffuse glass
- diffusing glass
- dimming glass
- disperse-strengthened glass
- dolomite glass
- domestic glass
- doped glass
- double glass
- double-water glass
- drawn glass
- dull glass
- durable glass
- E glass
- electric glass
- electrically conducted glass
- electrode glass
- etched glass
- extra-thick sheet glass
- extra-thin sheet glass
- eye-protecting glass
- fancy glass
- fast-setting glass
- feldspar glass
- fiber glass
- fiberizable glass
- fibrous glass
- fine-annealed glass
- fined glass
- fireproof glass
- flame-protection glass
- flame-resisting glass
- flashed glass
- flat glass
- flint glass
- float glass
- float-process glass
- fluid glass
- fluorescent glass
- fluoride glass
- fluoride opal glass
- foam glass
- foamed glass
- Fourcault glass
- free-blown glass
- frit glass
- frosted glass
- full crystal glass
- glazing plate glass
- granulated glass
- gray glass
- green glass
- greenhouse glass
- hammered glass
- handblown glass
- hand-made glass
- hard glass
- hardened glass
- heat-absorbing glass
- heat-insulating glass
- heat-intercepting glass
- heat-resisting glass
- heat shock resistant glass
- heat-strengthened glass
- heat-transmitting glass
- high-fusible glass
- high-melting glass
- high-silica glass
- high-transmission glass
- hollow glass
- homogeneous glass
- host glass
- household glass
- hydratable glass
- illuminating glass
- illuminator glass
- infrared glass
- infrared-absorbing glass
- inhomogeneous glass
- inorganic glass
- insulating glass
- insulator glass
- jewelry glass
- laboratory glass
- laminated glass
- lamp glass
- laser glass
- lead glass
- lead crystal glass
- lead-free glass
- light glass
- lime-soda glass
- liquid glass
- long glass
- long crown glass
- low-alkali glass
- low-expansion glass
- low-fusible glass
- low-melting glass
- machine-drawn glass
- machine-made glass
- manifold plate glass
- marbled glass
- medical glass
- metal-coated glass
- metallized glass
- microporous glass
- milk glass
- mirror glass
- mixed-alkali glass
- modified glass
- molten glass
- molten refined glass
- multicomponent glass
- multilayer laminated glass
- natural glass
- newly melted glass
- nonshatterable glass
- nuclear waste glass
- obscured glass
- offhand glass
- opaque glass
- ophthalmic glass
- optical glass
- original glass
- ovenproof glass
- overlaid glass
- overlay glass
- oxide glass
- packing glass
- pane glass
- parent glass
- particular glass
- pharmaceutics glass
- photographic glass
- pigmented glass
- plate glass
- polymer-coated glass
- pot glass
- potash glass
- potassium glass
- powder glass
- powdered glass
- pressed glass
- protecting glass
- protection glass
- quartz glass
- quartz-like glass
- quenched glass
- quick-setting glass
- raw cast glass
- recycled glass
- reduced glass
- refined glass
- refractory glass
- rolled glass
- rough glass
- safety glass
- sand-matted glass
- scrap glass
- seedy glass
- shatterproof glass
- sheet glass
- shielding glass
- Shirasu glass
- short glass
- shotproof glass
- shunk glass
- signal glass
- silica glass
- silicate glass
- silvering glass
- silvering quality glass
- sintered glass
- skimmed glass
- slow-setting glass
- smoke glass
- smoked glass
- soda glass
- soda-ash glass
- soda-lime glass
- soda-silica glass
- soft glass
- solar-absorbing glass
- solar-reflecting glass
- soluble glass
- water glass
- special glass
- stained glass
- steady glass
- streak glass
- strengthened glass
- striated glass
- structural glass
- superhard glass
- tank glass
- technical glass
- tempered glass
- thermally strengthened glass
- thermometer glass
- three-layer sandwich glass
- toughened glass
- transparent glass
- triplex glass
- tube glass
- two-colored glass
- uviol glass
- valve-bulb glass
- volumetric glass
- waste glass
- watch glass
- water glass
- waterproof glass
- wavy glass
- white flint glass
- window glass -
18 system
1) система || системный3) вчт операционная система; программа-супервизор5) вчт большая программа6) метод; способ; алгоритм•system halted — "система остановлена" ( экранное сообщение об остановке компьютера при наличии серьёзной ошибки)
- CPsystem- H-system- h-system- hydrogen-air/lead battery hybrid system- Ksystem- Lsystem- L*a*b* system- master/slave computer system- p-system- y-system- Δ-system -
19 Armstrong, Sir William George, Baron Armstrong of Cragside
[br]b. 26 November 1810 Shieldfield, Newcastle upon Tyne, Englandd. 27 December 1900 Cragside, Northumbria, England[br]English inventor, engineer and entrepreneur in hydraulic engineering, shipbuilding and the production of artillery.[br]The only son of a corn merchant, Alderman William Armstrong, he was educated at private schools in Newcastle and at Bishop Auckland Grammar School. He then became an articled clerk in the office of Armorer Donkin, a solicitor and a friend of his father. During a fishing trip he saw a water-wheel driven by an open stream to work a marble-cutting machine. He felt that its efficiency would be improved by introducing the water to the wheel in a pipe. He developed an interest in hydraulics and in electricity, and became a popular lecturer on these subjects. From 1838 he became friendly with Henry Watson of the High Bridge Works, Newcastle, and for six years he visited the Works almost daily, studying turret clocks, telescopes, papermaking machinery, surveying instruments and other equipment being produced. There he had built his first hydraulic machine, which generated 5 hp when run off the Newcastle town water-mains. He then designed and made a working model of a hydraulic crane, but it created little interest. In 1845, after he had served this rather unconventional apprenticeship at High Bridge Works, he was appointed Secretary of the newly formed Whittle Dene Water Company. The same year he proposed to the town council of Newcastle the conversion of one of the quayside cranes to his hydraulic operation which, if successful, should also be applied to a further four cranes. This was done by the Newcastle Cranage Company at High Bridge Works. In 1847 he gave up law and formed W.G.Armstrong \& Co. to manufacture hydraulic machinery in a works at Elswick. Orders for cranes, hoists, dock gates and bridges were obtained from mines; docks and railways.Early in the Crimean War, the War Office asked him to design and make submarine mines to blow up ships that were sunk by the Russians to block the entrance to Sevastopol harbour. The mines were never used, but this set him thinking about military affairs and brought him many useful contacts at the War Office. Learning that two eighteen-pounder British guns had silenced a whole Russian battery but were too heavy to move over rough ground, he carried out a thorough investigation and proposed light field guns with rifled barrels to fire elongated lead projectiles rather than cast-iron balls. He delivered his first gun in 1855; it was built of a steel core and wound-iron wire jacket. The barrel was multi-grooved and the gun weighed a quarter of a ton and could fire a 3 lb (1.4 kg) projectile. This was considered too light and was sent back to the factory to be rebored to take a 5 lb (2.3 kg) shot. The gun was a complete success and Armstrong was then asked to design and produce an equally successful eighteen-pounder. In 1859 he was appointed Engineer of Rifled Ordnance and was knighted. However, there was considerable opposition from the notably conservative officers of the Army who resented the intrusion of this civilian engineer in their affairs. In 1862, contracts with the Elswick Ordnance Company were terminated, and the Government rejected breech-loading and went back to muzzle-loading. Armstrong resigned and concentrated on foreign sales, which were successful worldwide.The search for a suitable proving ground for a 12-ton gun led to an interest in shipbuilding at Elswick from 1868. This necessitated the replacement of an earlier stone bridge with the hydraulically operated Tyne Swing Bridge, which weighed some 1450 tons and allowed a clear passage for shipping. Hydraulic equipment on warships became more complex and increasing quantities of it were made at the Elswick works, which also flourished with the reintroduction of the breech-loader in 1878. In 1884 an open-hearth acid steelworks was added to the Elswick facilities. In 1897 the firm merged with Sir Joseph Whitworth \& Co. to become Sir W.G.Armstrong Whitworth \& Co. After Armstrong's death a further merger with Vickers Ltd formed Vickers Armstrong Ltd.In 1879 Armstrong took a great interest in Joseph Swan's invention of the incandescent electric light-bulb. He was one of those who formed the Swan Electric Light Company, opening a factory at South Benwell to make the bulbs. At Cragside, his mansion at Roth bury, he installed a water turbine and generator, making it one of the first houses in England to be lit by electricity.Armstrong was a noted philanthropist, building houses for his workforce, and endowing schools, hospitals and parks. His last act of charity was to purchase Bamburgh Castle, Northumbria, in 1894, intending to turn it into a hospital or a convalescent home, but he did not live long enough to complete the work.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsKnighted 1859. FRS 1846. President, Institution of Mechanical Engineers; Institution of Civil Engineers; British Association for the Advancement of Science 1863. Baron Armstrong of Cragside 1887.Further ReadingE.R.Jones, 1886, Heroes of Industry', London: Low.D.J.Scott, 1962, A History of Vickers, London: Weidenfeld \& Nicolson.IMcNBiographical history of technology > Armstrong, Sir William George, Baron Armstrong of Cragside
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